Nanoen - The sludge generated from industrial wastewater treatment processes may contain high levels of heavy metals such as copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and other heavy metals. These heavy metals can be harmful to the environment and human health if not properly treated.

  Nanoen - The study of granular sludge was first conducted in the 1980s on Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) bioreactors. Granular sludge exhibits higher capability in treating organic and nutrient-rich compounds, particularly phosphorus, compared to conventional activated sludge.

Nanoen  - Businesses and enterprises operating in the business and manufacturing sector that generate wastewater must invest in the construction of wastewater treatment facilities (WTFs) as required by law.